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<title>Serial digital interface</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the serial digital interface used in professional video. For serial interfaces in general, see <a href="Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communication</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">SDI</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Serial digital interface</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Serial digital interface uses <a href="BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connectors</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">SDI / SD-SDI / HD-SDI / SDI 3G / SDI 6G / SDI 12G / SDI 24G /</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">24G<br>2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video"> CVBS - Composite Video</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Serial digital interface</b> (<b>SDI</b>) is a family of <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> <a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> first standardized by <a href="SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-DVaH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVaH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="ITU-R_BT.656" title="ITU-R BT.656">ITU-R BT.656</a> and <a href="SMPTE_259M" title="SMPTE 259M">SMPTE 259M</a> define digital <a href="Video_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Video interface">video interfaces</a> used for <a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a>-grade video. A related standard, known as <b>high-definition serial digital interface</b> (HD-SDI), is standardized in <a href="SMPTE_292M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 292M">SMPTE 292M</a>; this provides a nominal data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Additional SDI standards have been introduced to support increasing video resolutions (<a href="High_definition_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High definition video">HD</a>, <a href="Ultra_high_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high definition">UHD</a> and beyond), <a href="High_frame_rate" title="High frame rate">frame rates</a>, <a href="3D_video" class="mw-redirect" title="3D video">stereoscopic (3D) video</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Dual link HD-SDI</b> consists of a pair of SMPTE 292M links, standardized by <a href="SMPTE_372M" title="SMPTE 372M">SMPTE 372M</a> in 1998;<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this provides a nominal 2.970 Gbit/s interface used in applications (such as <a href="Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> or HDTV 1080P) that require greater fidelity and resolution than standard HDTV can provide. <b>3G-SDI</b> (standardized in <a href="SMPTE_424M" title="SMPTE 424M">SMPTE 424M</a>) consists of a single 2.970 Gbit/s serial link that allows replacing dual link HD-SDI. <b>6G-SDI</b> and <b>12G-SDI</b> standards were published on March 19, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-SDI2081March2015IEEE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI2081March2015IEEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDI2082March2015IEEE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI2082March2015IEEE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These standards are used for transmission of <a href="Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed, unencrypted digital video</a> signals (optionally including embedded audio and time code) within television facilities; they can also be used for packetized data. SDI is used to connect together different pieces of equipment such as recorders, monitors, PCs and vision mixers. Coaxial variants of the specification range in length but are typically less than 300 meters (980 ft). Fiber optic variants of the specification such as 297M allow for long-distance transmission limited only by maximum fiber length or repeaters.

</p><p>SDI and HD-SDI are usually available only in professional video equipment because various <a href="Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a> agreements restrict the use of unencrypted digital interfaces, such as SDI, prohibiting their use in consumer equipment. Several professional video and HD-video capable <a href="DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> cameras and all uncompressed video capable consumer cameras use the <a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> interface, often called <a href="Clean_HDMI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean HDMI">clean HDMI</a>. There are various <a href="Mod_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod kit">mod kits</a> for existing <a href="DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a> and other devices such as splitters that ignore <a href="HDCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCP">HDCP</a>, which allow a user to add a serial digital interface to these devices.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_interface">Electrical interface</h2></div>

<p>The various serial digital interface standards all use (one or more) <a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a> with <a href="BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connectors</a>, with a nominal impedance of 75 <a href="Ohm_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm (unit)">ohms</a>.

</p><p>This is the same type of cable used in analog <a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> setups, potentially allowing for easier "drop-in" equipment upgrades (although, at high bitrates and/or long distances, it may be necessary for older, oxidising, or lower-grade cable to be replaced with <a href="Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">optical fibre</a>). The specified signal amplitude at the source is 800 <a href="Volt" title="Volt">mV</a> (±10%) peak-to-peak; far lower voltages may be measured at the receiver owing to <a href="Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a>. Using <a href="Equalization_(communications)" title="Equalization (communications)">equalization</a> at the receiver, it is possible to send 270 Mbit/s SDI over 300 meters (980 ft) without use of repeaters, but shorter lengths are preferred. The HD bitrates have a shorter maximum run length, typically 100 meters (330 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Uncompressed digital <a href="Component_video" title="Component video">component</a> signals are transmitted. Data is encoded in <a href="NRZI" class="mw-redirect" title="NRZI">NRZI</a> format, and a <a href="Linear_feedback_shift_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear feedback shift register">linear feedback shift register</a> is used to <a href="Scrambler" title="Scrambler">scramble</a> the data to reduce the likelihood that long strings of zeroes or ones will be present on the interface. The interface is self-synchronizing and self-clocking. Framing is done by detection of a special <a href="Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a> pattern, which appears on the (unscrambled) serial digital signal to be a sequence of ten ones followed by twenty zeroes (twenty ones followed by forty zeroes in HD); this bit pattern is not legal anywhere else within the data payload.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3></div>

<th>Standard

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Introduced

</th>

<th>Bitrates (Mbit/s)

</th>

<th>Example video formats

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SMPTE_259M" title="SMPTE 259M">SMPTE 259M</a>

</td>

<td>SD-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>270, 360, 143, 177

</td>

<td>480i, 576i

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SMPTE_344M" title="SMPTE 344M">SMPTE 344M</a>

</td>

<td>ED-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>540

</td>

<td>480p, 576p

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SMPTE_292M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 292M">SMPTE 292M</a>

</td>

<td>HD-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1485 and 1485/1.001

</td>

<td>720p, 1080i

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SMPTE_372M" title="SMPTE 372M">SMPTE 372M</a>

</td>

<td>Dual Link HD-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2970 and 2970/1.001

</td>

<td>1080p60

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SMPTE_424M" title="SMPTE 424M">SMPTE 424M</a>

</td>

<td>3G-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2970 and 2970/1.001

</td>

<td>1080p60

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>SMPTE ST 2081

</td>

<td>6G-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6000

</td>

<td>1080p120, 2160p30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>SMPTE ST 2082

</td>

<td>12G-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td>12000

</td>

<td>2160p60

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>SMPTE ST 2083

</td>

<td>24G-SDI

</td>

</td>

<td>24000

</td>

<td>2160p120, 4320p30

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit_rates">Bit rates</h3></div>

<p>Several bit rates are used in serial digital video signal:

</p>

<ul><li>For <a href="Standard-definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition">standard-definition</a> applications, as defined by SMPTE 259M, the possible bit rates are 270 Mbit/s, 360 Mbit/s, 143 Mbit/s, and 177 Mbit/s. 270 Mbit/s is by far the most commonly used; though the 360 Mbit/s interface (used for <a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> standard definition) is sometimes encountered. The 143 and 177 Mbit/s interfaces were intended for transmission of composite-encoded (<a href="NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> or <a href="PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>) video digitally and are now considered obsolete.</li>

<li>For <a href="Enhanced_definition_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced definition television">enhanced definition</a> applications (mainly 525P), there are several 540 Mbit/s interfaces defined, as well as an interface standard for a dual-link 270 Mbit/s interface. These are rarely encountered.</li>

<li>For <a href="HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> applications, the serial digital interface is defined by SMPTE 292M. Two bit rates are defined, 1.485 Gbit/s, and 1.485/1.001 Gbit/s. The factor of 1/1.001 is provided to allow SMPTE 292M to support video formats with frame rates of 59.94 Hz, 29.97 Hz, and 23.98 Hz, in order to be compatible with existing <a href="NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> systems. The 1.485 Gbit/s version of the standard supports other frame rates in widespread use, including 60 Hz, 50 Hz, 30 Hz, 25 Hz, and 24 Hz. It is common to collectively refer to both standards as using a nominal bit rate of 1.5 Gbit/s.</li>

<li>For very high-definition applications, requiring greater resolution, frame rate, or color fidelity than the HD-SDI interface can provide, the SMPTE 372M standard defines the <b>dual link</b> interface. As the name suggests, this interface consists of two SMPTE 292M interconnects operating in parallel. In particular, the dual link interface supports 10-bit, 4:2:2, 1080P formats at frame rates of 60 Hz, 59.94 Hz, and 50 Hz, as well as 12-bit color depth, RGB encoding, and <a href="Chroma_subsampling#4:4:4" title="Chroma subsampling">4:4:4</a> colour sampling.</li>

<li>A nominal 3 Gbit/s interface (more accurately, 2.97 Gbit/s, but commonly referred to as "3 gig") was standardized by SMPTE as 424M in 2006. Revised in 2012 as SMPTE ST 424:2012, it supports all of the features supported by the dual 1.485 Gbit/s interface but requires only one cable rather than two.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interfaces">Other interfaces</h3></div>

<p>SMPTE 297-2006 defines an optical fiber system for transmitting bit-serial digital signals It is intended for transmitting SMPTE ST 259 signals (143 through 360 Mbit/s), SMPTE ST 344 signals (540 Mbit/s), SMPTE ST 292-1/-2 signals (1.485 Gbit/s and 1.485/1.001 Gbit/s) and SMPTE ST 424 signals (2.970 Gbit/s and 2.970/1.001 Gbit/s). In addition to optical specification, ST 297 also mandates laser safety testing and that all optical interfaces are labelled to indicate safety compliance, application and interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An 8-bit parallel digital interface is defined by <a href="Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">ITU-R Rec. 601</a>; this is obsolete (however, many clauses in the various standards accommodate the possibility of an 8-bit interface).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_format">Data format</h2></div>

<p>In SD and ED applications, the serial data format is defined to 10 bits wide, whereas in HD applications, it is 20 bits wide, divided into two parallel 10-bit datastreams (known as <b>Y</b> and <b>C</b>). The SD datastream is arranged like this:

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</style><span class="monospaced">Cb Y Cr Y' Cb Y Cr Y'</span></b></dd></dl>

<p>whereas the HD datastreams are arranged like this:

</p>

<p>For all serial digital interfaces (excluding the obsolete composite encodings), the native color encoding is <a href="Chroma_subsampling#4:2:2" title="Chroma subsampling">4:2:2</a> <a href="YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> format. The luminance channel (Y) is encoded at full bandwidth (13.5 MHz in 270 Mbit/s SD, ~75 MHz in HD), and the two chrominance channels (Cb and Cr) are subsampled horizontally and encoded at half bandwidth (6.75 MHz or 37.5 MHz). The Y, Cr, and Cb samples are <i>co-sited</i> (acquired at the same instance in time), and the Y' sample is acquired at the time halfway between two adjacent Y samples.

</p><p>In the above, Y refers to <a href="Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> samples, and C to <a href="Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> samples. Cr and Cb further refer to the red and blue "color difference" channels; see <a href="Component_video" title="Component video">Component video</a> for more information. This section only discusses the native color encoding of SDI; other color encodings are possible by treating the interface as a generic 10-bit data channel. The use of other colorimetry encodings, and the conversion to and from <a href="RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> colorspace, is discussed <a href="#Color_encoding">below</a>.

</p><p>Video payload (as well as ancillary data payload) may use any 10-bit word in the range 4 to 1,019 (004<sub>16</sub> to 3FB<sub>16</sub>) inclusive; the values 0–3 and 1,020–1,023 (3FC<sub>16</sub>–3FF<sub>16</sub>) are reserved and may not appear anywhere in the payload. These reserved words have two purposes; they are used both for <a href="#Synchronization_packets">Synchronization packets</a> and for <a href="#Ancillary_data">Ancillary data</a> headers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronization_packets">Synchronization packets</h3></div>

<p>A synchronization packet (commonly known as the <b>timing reference signal</b> or <b>TRS</b>) occurs immediately before the first active sample on every line, and immediately after the last active sample (and before the start of the <a href="Horizontal_blank" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal blank">horizontal blanking</a> region). The synchronization packet consists of four 10-bit words, the first three words are always the same—0x3FF, 0, 0; the fourth consists of 3 flag bits, along with an error correcting code. As a result, there are 8 different synchronization packets possible.

</p><p>In the HD-SDI and dual link interfaces, synchronization packets <i>must</i> occur simultaneously in both the Y and C datastreams. (Some delay between the two cables in a dual link interface is permissible; equipment which supports dual link is expected to buffer the leading link in order to allow the other link to catch up). In SD-SDI and enhanced definition interfaces, there is only one datastream, and thus only one synchronization packet at a time. Other than the issue of how many packets appear, their format is the same in all versions of the serial-digital interface.

</p><p>The flags bits found in the fourth word (commonly known as the <b>XYZ word</b>) are known as H, F, and V. The H bit indicates the start of horizontal blank; and synchronization bits immediately preceding the horizontal blanking region must have H set to one. Such packets are commonly referred to as <b>End of Active Video</b>, or <b>EAV</b> packets. Likewise, the packet appearing immediately before the start of the active video has H set to 0; this is the <b>Start of Active Video</b> or <b>SAV</b> packet.

</p><p>Likewise, the V bit is used to indicate the start of the vertical blanking region; an EAV packet with V=1 indicates the following line (lines are deemed to start at EAV) is part of the <a href="Vertical_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical interval">vertical interval</a>, an EAV packet with V=0 indicates the following line is part of the active picture.

</p><p>The F bit is used in <a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> and <a href="Progressive_segmented_frame" title="Progressive segmented frame">segmented-frame</a> formats to indicate whether the line comes from the first or second field (or segment). In <a href="Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive scan</a> formats, the F bit is always set to zero.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_counter_and_CRC">Line counter and CRC</h3></div>

<p>In the high definition serial digital interface (and in dual-link HD), additional check words are provided to increase the robustness of the interface. In these formats, the four samples immediately following the EAV packets (but not the SAV packets) contain a <a href="Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a> field, and a line count indicator. The CRC field provides a CRC of the preceding line (CRCs are computed independently for the Y and C streams) and can be used to detect <a href="Bit_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit error">bit errors</a> in the interface. The line count field indicates the line number of the current line.

</p><p>The CRC and line counts are not provided in the SD and ED interfaces. Instead, a special ancillary data packet known as an <b>EDH packet</b> may be optionally used to provide a CRC check on the data.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_and_sample_numbering">Line and sample numbering</h3></div>

<p>Each sample within a given datastream is assigned a unique line and sample number. In all formats, the first sample immediately following the SAV packet is assigned sample number 0; the next sample is sample 1; all the way up to the XYZ word in the following SAV packet. In SD interfaces, where there is only one datastream, the 0th sample is a Cb sample; the 1st sample a Y sample, the 2nd sample a Cr sample, and the third sample is the Y' sample; the pattern repeats from there. In HD interfaces, each datastream has its own sample numbering—so the 0th sample of the Y datastream is the Y sample, the next sample the Y' sample, etc. Likewise, the first sample in the C datastream is Cb, followed by Cr, followed by Cb again.

</p><p>Lines are numbered sequentially, starting from 1, up to the number of lines per frame of the indicated format (typically 525, 625, 750, or 1125 (<a href="Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a>)). Determination of line 1 is somewhat arbitrary; however, it is unambiguously specified by the relevant standards. In 525-line systems, the first line of vertical blank is line 1, whereas in other interlaced systems (625 and 1125-line), the first line after the F bit transitions to zero is line 1.

</p><p>Note that lines are deemed to start at EAV, whereas sample zero is the sample following SAV. This produces the somewhat confusing result that the first sample in a given line of 1080i video is sample number 1920 (the first EAV sample in that format), and the line ends at the following sample 1919 (the last active sample in that format). Note that this behavior differs somewhat from analog video interfaces, where the line transition is deemed to occur at the sync pulse, which occurs roughly halfway through the horizontal blanking region.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_numbering">Link numbering</h3></div>

<p>Link numbering is only an issue in multi-link interfaces. The first link (the <i>primary</i> link) is assigned a link number of 1, subsequent links are assigned increasing link numbers; so, the second (<i>secondary</i>) link in a dual-link system is link 2. The link number of a given interface is indicated by a VPID packet located in the vertical ancillary data space.

</p><p>Note that the data layout in dual link is designed so that the primary link can be fed into a single-link interface, and still produce usable (though somewhat degraded) video. The secondary link generally contains things like additional <a href="Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">LSBs</a> (in 12-bit formats), non-cosited samples in 4:4:4 sampled video (so that the primary link is still valid 4:2:2), and alpha or data channels. If the second link of a 1080P dual link configuration is absent, the first link still contains a valid 1080i signal.

</p><p>In the case of 1080p60, 59.94, or 50 Hz video over a dual link; each link contains a valid 1080i signal at the same field rate. The first link contains the 1st, 3rd, and 5th lines of odd fields and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc. lines of even fields, and the second link contains the even lines on the odd fields, and the odd lines on the even fields. When the two links are combined, the result is a progressive-scan picture at the higher frame rate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancillary_data">Ancillary data</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ancillary_data" title="Ancillary data">Ancillary data</a></div>

<p>Like <a href="SMPTE_259M" title="SMPTE 259M">SMPTE 259M</a>, SMPTE 292M supports the <a href="SMPTE_291M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 291M">SMPTE 291M</a> standard for ancillary data. Ancillary data is provided as a standardized transport for non-video payload within a serial digital signal; it is used for things such as embedded <a href="Sound" title="Sound">audio</a>, <a href="Closed_captions" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed captions">closed captions</a>, timecode, and other sorts of <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. Ancillary data is indicated by a 3-word packet consisting of 0, 3FF, 3FF (the opposite of the synchronization packet header), followed by a two-word identification code, a data count word (indicating 0–255 words of payload), the actual payload, and a one-word checksum. Other than in their use in the header, the codes prohibited to video payload are also prohibited to ancillary data payload.

</p><p>Specific applications of ancillary data include embedded audio, EDH, VPID and SDTI.

</p><p>In dual link applications, ancillary data is mostly found on the primary link; the secondary link is to be used for ancillary data only if there is no room on the primary link. One exception to this rule is the VPID packet; both links must have a valid VPID packet present.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_audio">Embedded audio</h3></div>

<p>Both the HD and SD serial interfaces allow for 16 audio channels to be embedded along with the video. The two interfaces use different audio encapsulation methods — SD uses the SMPTE 272M standard, whereas HD uses the SMPTE 299M standard. Typically, 48 kHz, 24-bit (20-bit in SD, but extendable to 24 bit) <a href="Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> audio is encoded, in a manner directly compatible with the <a href="AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a> digital audio interface. The data is placed in the horizontal blanking periods, when the SDI signal otherwise carries nothing useful (the receiver generates its own blanking signals from the TRS).

</p><p>In dual-link applications, 32 channels of audio are available, as each link may carry 16 channels.

</p><p>SMPTE ST 299-2:2010 extends the 3G SDI interface to be able to transmit 32 audio channels (16 pairs) on a single link.

</p>

<p>As the standard definition interface carries no checksum, CRC, or other <a href="Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> check, an <b>EDH</b> (<a href="Error_Detection_and_Handling" title="Error Detection and Handling">Error Detection and Handling</a>) packet may be optionally placed in the vertical interval of the video signal. This packet includes CRC values for both the active picture, and the entire field (excluding those lines at which switching may occur, and which should contain no useful data); equipment can compute their own CRC and compare it with the received CRC in order to detect errors.

</p><p>EDH is typically only used with the standard definition interface; the presence of CRC words in the HD interface make EDH packets unnecessary.

</p>

<p>VPID (or video payload identifier) packets are increasingly used to describe the video format. In early versions of the serial digital interface, it was always possible to uniquely determine the video format by counting the number of lines and samples between H and V transitions in the TRS. With the introduction of dual link interfaces, and segmented-frame standards, this is no longer possible; thus the VPID standard (defined by SMPTE 352M) provides a way to uniquely and unambiguously identify the format of the video payload.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_payload_and_blanking">Video payload and blanking</h2></div>

<p>The active portion of the video signal is defined to be those samples which follow an SAV packet and precede the next EAV packet; where the corresponding EAV and SAV packets have the V bit set to zero. It is in the active portion that the actual image information is stored.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_encoding">Color encoding</h3></div>

<p>Several color encodings are possible in the serial digital interface. The default (and most common case) is 10-bit linearly sampled video data encoded as 4:2:2 <a href="YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a>. (YCbCr is a digital representation of the <a href="YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> colorspace). Samples of video are stored as described above. Data words correspond to signal levels of the respective video components, as follows:

</p>

<ul><li>The luma (Y) channel is defined such that a signal level of 0 mV is assigned the codeword 64 (40 hex), and 700 millivolts (full scale) is assigned the codeword 940 (3AC hex) .</li>

<li>For the chroma channels, 0 mV is assigned the code word 512 (200 hex), −350 mV is assigned a code word of 64 (40 hex), and +350 mV is assigned a code word of 960 (3C0 hex).</li></ul>

<p>Note that the scaling of the luma and chroma channels is <i>not</i> identical. The minimum and maximum of these ranges represent the preferred signal limits, though the video payload may venture outside these ranges (providing that the reserved code words of 0–3 and 1020–1023 are <i>never</i> used for video payload). In addition, the corresponding analog signal may have excursions further outside of this range.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</h4></div>

<p>As YPbPr (and YCbCr) are both derived from the <a href="RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> colorspace, a means of converting is required. There are three <a href="Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetries</a> typically used with digital video:

</p>

<ul><li>SD and ED applications typically use a colorimetry matrix specified in <a href="Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">ITU-R Rec. 601</a>.</li>

<li>Most HD, dual link, and 3 Gbit/s applications use a different matrix, specified in <a href="Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">ITU-R Rec. 709</a>.</li>

<li>The <a href="Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">1035-line MUSE</a> HD standards specified by SMPTE 260M (primarily used in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and now largely considered obsolete), used a colorimetry matrix specified by SMPTE 240M. This colorimetry is nowadays rarely used, as the 1035-line formats have been superseded by 1080-line formats.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_color_encodings">Other color encodings</h4></div>

<p>The dual-link and 3 Gbit/s interfaces additionally support other color encodings besides 4:2:2 YCbCr, namely:

</p>

<ul><li>4:2:2 and 4:4:4 YCbCr, with an optional <i>alpha</i> (used for linear keying, a.k.a. <a href="Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">alpha compositing</a>) or data (used for non-video payload) channel</li>

<li>4:4:4 RGB, also with an optional alpha or data channel</li>

<li>4:2:2 YCbCr, 4:4:4 YCbCr, and 4:4:4 RGB, with 12 bits of color information per sample, rather than 10. Note that the interface itself is still 10 bit; the additional 2 bits per channel are multiplexed into an additional 10-bit channel on the second link.</li></ul>

<p>If an RGB encoding is used, the three primaries are all encoded in the same fashion as the Y channel; a value of 64 (40 hex) corresponds to 0 mV, and 940 (3AC hex) corresponds to 700 mV.

</p><p>12-bit applications are scaled in a similar fashion to their 10-bit counterparts; the additional two bits are considered to be <a href="Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">LSBs</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_and_horizontal_blanking_regions">Vertical and horizontal blanking regions</h3></div>

<p>For portions of the vertical and horizontal blanking regions which are not used for ancillary data, it is recommended that the luma samples be assigned the code word 64 (40 hex), and the chroma samples be assigned 512 (200 hex); both of which correspond to 0 mV. It is permissible to encode analog vertical interval information (such as <a href="Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">vertical interval timecode</a> or vertical interval test signals) without breaking the interface, but such usage is nonstandard (and ancillary data is the preferred means for transmitting metadata). Conversion of analog sync and burst signals into digital, however, is not recommended—and neither is necessary in the digital interface.

</p><p>Different picture formats have different requirements for digital blanking. For example, all so-called 1080-line HD formats have 1080 active lines, but 1125 total lines, with the remainder being vertical blanking.<sup id="cite_ref-DVaH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVaH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supported_video_formats">Supported video formats</h3></div>

<p>The various versions of the serial digital interface support numerous video formats:

</p>

<ul><li>The 270 Mbit/s interface supports 525-line, interlaced video at a 59.94 Hz field rate (29.97 Hz frame rate), and 625-line, 50 Hz interlaced video. These formats are highly compatible with <a href="NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> and <a href="PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>-B/G/D/K/I systems respectively; and the terms <b>NTSC</b> and <b>PAL</b> are often (incorrectly) used to refer to these formats. PAL is a composite color encoding scheme, and the term does not define the line-standard (though it is most usually encountered with 625i), while the serial digital interface—other than the obsolete 143 Mbit/s and 177 Mbit/s forms—is a component standard.</li>

<li>The 360 Mbit/s interface supports 525i and 625i widescreen. It can also be used to support 525p, if 4:2:0 sampling is used.</li>

<li>The various 540 Mbit/s interfaces support 525p and 625p formats.</li>

<li>The nominal 1.49 Gbit/s interfaces support most <a href="High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> formats. Supported formats include 1080/60i, 1080/59.94i, 1080/50i, 1080/30p, 1080/29.97p, 1080/25p, 1080/24p, 1080/23.98p, 720/60p, 720/59.94p, and 720/50p. In addition, there are several 1035i formats (an obsolete Japanese television standard), half-bandwidth 720p standards such as 720/24p (used in some film conversion applications, and unusual because it has an odd number of samples per line), and various 1080psf (progressive, segmented frame) formats. Progressive Segmented frames formats appear as <a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlace video</a> but contain video which is progressively scanned. This is done to support analog monitors and televisions, many of which are incapable of locking to low field rates such as 30 Hz and 24 Hz.</li>

<li>The 2.97 Gbit/s dual link HD interface supports 1080/60p, 1080/59.94p, and 1080/50p, as well as 4:4:4 encoding, greater color depth, RGB encoding, alpha channels, and nonstandard resolutions (often encountered in computer graphics or <a href="Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a>).</li>

<li>A quad link interface of 3G-SDI supports UHDTV-1 resolution 2160/60p</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_interfaces">Related interfaces</h2></div>

<p>In addition to the regular serial digital interface described here, there are several other similar interfaces which are similar to, or are contained within, a serial digital interface.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Serial_Data_Transport_Interface" title="Serial Data Transport Interface">Serial Data Transport Interface</a></div>

<p>There is an expanded specification called SDTI (<i>Serial Data Transport Interface</i>), which allows compressed (i.e. <a href="DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a>, <a href="MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> and others) video streams to be transported over an SDI line. This allows for multiple video streams in one cable or faster-than-realtime (2x, 4x,...) video transmission. A related standard, known as HD-SDTI, provides similar capability over an SMPTE 292M interface.

</p><p>The SDTI interface is specified by SMPTE 305M. The HD-SDTI interface is specified by SMPTE 348M.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Asynchronous_serial_interface" title="Asynchronous serial interface">Asynchronous serial interface</a></div>

<p>The asynchronous serial interface (ASI) specification describes how to transport a MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-TS), containing multiple MPEG video streams, over 75-ohm copper coaxial cable or multi-mode optical fiber.

ASI is popular way to transport broadcast programs from the studio to the final transmission equipment before it reaches viewers sitting at home.

</p><p>The ASI standard is part of the <a href="Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) standard.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SMPTE_349M">SMPTE 349M</h3></div>

<p>The standard <i>SMPTE 349M: Transport of Alternate Source Image Formats through SMPTE 292M</i>, specifies a means to encapsulate non-standard and lower-bitrate video formats within an HD-SDI interface. This standard allows, for example, several independent standard-definition video signals to be multiplexed onto an HD-SDI interface and transmitted down one wire. This standard doesn't merely adjust EAV and SAV timing to meet the requirements of the lower-bitrate formats; instead, it provides a means by which an entire SDI format (including synchronization words, ancillary data, and video payload) can be <i>encapsulated</i> and transmitted as ordinary data payload within a 292M stream.

</p>

<p>The <a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> interface is a compact audio/video interface for transferring <a href="Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> data and compressed/uncompressed digital <a href="Uncompressed_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncompressed audio">audio</a> data from an HDMI-compliant device to a compatible <a href="Visual_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual display unit">computer monitor</a>, <a href="Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a>, <a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, or <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> device. It is mainly used in the consumer area, but increasingly used in professional devices including uncompressed video, often called <a href="Clean_HDMI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean HDMI">clean HDMI</a>.

</p>

<p>The <a href="G.703" title="G.703">G.703</a> standard is another high-speed digital interface, originally designed for telephony.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HDcctv">HDcctv</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="HDcctv" title="HDcctv">HDcctv</a> standard embodies the adaptation of SDI for video surveillance applications, not to be confused with TDI, a similar but different format for video surveillance cameras.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CoaXPress">CoaXPress</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="CoaXPress" title="CoaXPress">CoaXPress</a> standard is another high-speed digital interface, originally designed for use with industrial cameras. The data rates for CoaXPress go up to 12.5 Gbit/s over a single coaxial cable. A 41 Mbit/s uplink channel and power over coax are also included in the standard.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050515/http://www.belden.com/resourcecenter/tools/upload/TB65_p28.pdf">"Recommended Transmission Distance at Serial Digital Data Rates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Belden</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belden.com/resourcecenter/tools/upload/TB65_p28.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1576-0-200206-W!!PDF-E.pdf">"Transport of alternate source formats through Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Telecommunication Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716042807/https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2014-03%20Niagra%20Outcome%20Report%20FINAL.pdf">"March 2014 Standards Quarterly Report (page 28)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SMPTE</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2014-03%20Niagra%20Outcome%20Report%20FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSMPTE2013" class="citation web cs1">SMPTE (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225904/https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2013-09-10-3GSDI-Hudson-V3-Full.pdf">"3Gb/s SDI for Transport of 1080p50/60, 3D, UHDTV1 / 4k and Beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2013-09-10-3GSDI-Hudson-V3-Full.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_2">Standards</h3></div>

<ul><li>Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: <i>SMPTE 274M-2005: Image Sample Structure, Digital Representation and Digital Timing Reference Sequences for Multiple Picture Rates</i></li>

<li>Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: <i>SMPTE 292M-1998: Bit-Serial Digital Interface for High Definition Television</i></li>

<li>Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: <i>SMPTE 291M-1998: Ancillary Data Packet and Space Formatting</i></li>

<li>Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: <i>SMPTE 372M-2002: Dual Link 292M Interface for 1920 x 1080 Picture Raster</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smpte.org/standards/document-index">Standards of SMPTE</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401124324/http://www.highdefcctv.org/">HDcctv Alliance (Security organization supporting SDI for security surveillance)</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li>

<li><a href="525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li>

<li><a href="625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li>

<li><a href="819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">System F</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li>

<li><a href="SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li>

<li><a href="Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li>

<li><a href="Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li>

<li><a href="White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multichannel_Television_Sound" title="Multichannel Television Sound">Multichannel Television Sound</a></li>

<li><a href="NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li>

<li><a href="Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li>

<li><a href="Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li>

<li><a href="Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li>

<li><a href="VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Serial_digital_interface&oldid=1300806804">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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